The Erosion of the Liberal Order

The established rules-based international order, particularly as perceived from a European perspective, experienced a significant rupture with the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. This event signaled a return to a more volatile geopolitical climate, prompting a reassessment of global power dynamics.

Alexander Stubb, the recently elected President of Finland, addresses this shift in his new book, “En ny verdensorden. Maktens triangel” (A New World Order: The Triangle of Power). He identifies a move away from a unipolar or bipolar world towards a multipolar one, where the influence of the Global South is increasingly prominent.

The Tripolar Framework: West, East, and South

Stubb’s analysis centers on a “triangle of power” comprised of the Global West, the East, and the South. This framework acknowledges the growing agency of nations outside the traditional Western sphere of influence. Demographic shifts, climate change, and technological advancements are accelerating this trend, fostering more flexible alliances and challenging the historical dominance of the United States, and Europe.

Both Russia and China are actively seeking to diminish the strong ties between Europe and the USA, further complicating the geopolitical landscape.

Renewing International Institutions

A key argument presented by Stubb is the necessity for reform within existing international institutions, specifically the United Nations and the European Union. He advocates for concrete proposals to revitalize these organizations and ensure their continued relevance in a changing world. This includes a call for a more “dignified foreign policy” grounded in “value-based realism.”

The Need for Humility and Pragmatism

Stubb emphasizes the importance of Western nations adopting a more humble approach towards the Global South and East. This entails recognizing the legitimate interests of these regions and engaging in more pragmatic diplomacy. The book suggests a shift away from imposing values and towards fostering mutually beneficial relationships.

A Critical Assessment

While the book offers a comprehensive analysis of the evolving world order, some critics note its elitist tone and occasional tendency towards lecturing. The work is described as resembling an introductory textbook on political science, lacking a particularly engaging narrative. Although, it is seen as a potentially valuable resource for those seeking international positions.

The book, completed in the summer of 2025, does not account for recent developments such as the changing dynamics between the US and Europe, or the increasing influence of non-state actors.

The Core Argument: Values and Realism

Stubb’s central thesis revolves around balancing idealistic principles with pragmatic realities. He acknowledges the importance of upholding values such as freedom and democracy, but recognizes the need to navigate a world where these values are not universally shared or prioritized. This requires a nuanced approach to foreign policy, one that combines moral conviction with strategic calculation.

FAQ

• What is the “triangle of power” described in the book? It refers to the shifting geopolitical balance between the Global West, the East, and the South.
• What is “value-based realism”? It’s a foreign policy approach that combines a commitment to liberal values with a pragmatic understanding of international relations.
• What institutions does Stubb believe need reform? Primarily the United Nations and the European Union.

Pro Tip: Staying informed about geopolitical trends is crucial for navigating an increasingly complex world. Regularly consult reputable news sources and analysis from experts in the field.