Inés Suárez: The Spanish Conqueror Who Shaped Chile’s Destiny
Born in Plasencia around 1507, Inés Suárez’s name is linked to one of the most fascinating figures in the history of the Spanish conquest of America. Her life, marked by unwavering tenacity, transcends myth to become documented history, intertwining with the stories of both Extremadura and Chile. She wasn’t merely an accompanying figure, but an active protagonist in forging a new nation in the 16th century.
From Extremadura to the New World
Driven by a restless spirit, Suárez crossed the Atlantic during a period of extreme danger. Her biography is a testament to a woman who boldly defied the social conventions of her time. In 1537, she obtained royal license to embark for the Indies in search of her first husband, Juan de Málaga. Accompanied by a niece, she left the safety of Spain for the unknown of the New World. After arriving in Venezuela and Peru, she discovered her husband had died in combat.
A Pivotal Role in the Conquest of Chile
Rather than succumb to widowhood and solitude, Suárez decided to settle in Cuzco, where she met Pedro de Valdivia, a relationship that would forever alter her destiny. Her decision to join the risky expedition to Chile in 1540 was an act of pure audacity and love, making her the only European woman among 150 soldiers. Her presence wasn’t merely domestic; she quickly proved vital to the expedition’s success.
Survival in the Atacama Desert and Beyond
During the arduous march through the Atacama Desert, Suárez demonstrated skills her companions deemed providential. When thirst threatened to decimate the troops, she indicated a precise location to dig. Miraculously, a spring emerged from the dry earth, saving the lives of both men and animals. This site is still known today as the Jagüey de Doña Inés in her honor. She also uncovered and thwarted a dangerous conspiracy against Valdivia, demonstrating constant vigilance and loyalty.
The Defense of Santiago and a Display of Courage
The founding of Santiago del Nuevo Extremo in 1541 marked the beginning of a heroic period for Suárez. On September 11th of that year, the fledgling city was attacked by thousands of indigenous people while Valdivia was absent. With the Spanish garrison on the verge of collapse, Suárez, clad in chainmail and wielding a sword, made a drastic and fierce decision. To instill terror in the attackers, she ordered and carried out the decapitation of seven chiefs held captive. Throwing the heads into the plaza, she forced the enemy to retreat in confusion and fear, saving the capital from certain destruction.
Beyond the Battlefield: Literacy and Ambition
Suárez’s ambition extended beyond warfare. Originally illiterate upon leaving Extremadura, she dedicated herself to learning to read and write in Santiago. Her teacher, cleric Rodrigo González Marmolejo, later became the first local bishop. This achievement underscores her immense desire for self-improvement in an environment where mere survival was a priority. She sought access to written culture, transforming from a humble seamstress to an influential and educated woman.
Navigating Colonial Politics and Securing Her Legacy
Her relationship with Pedro de Valdivia faced scrutiny from colonial authorities. In 1548, Valdivia was subjected to a judicial process in Lima regarding his conduct. The viceroy ordered him to separate definitively from Suárez. Demonstrating pragmatism, she married Rodrigo de Quiroga, a loyal companion of Valdivia, in 1549, preserving her status and properties.
A Figure Central to Chilean History
As the most important woman in the colony, Suárez devoted her later years to faith, founding the hermitage of Nuestra Señora de Monserrat and contributing generously to the Merced church. She earned the affectionate nickname “Mamá Inés” for her selfless care of the needy. Her influence was immense, making her a central figure in the consolidation of Chilean society. She lived in Chile for nearly forty years, witnessing the growth of the small settlement into a capital city.
Suárez died in Santiago around 1578, leaving a void difficult to fill. Her tombstone officially recognizes her as the first Spanish woman to approach to Santiago. Her extraordinary story has inspired poets, historians and novelists, including Isabel Allende. She represents the perfect synthesis of the Extremaduran woman: brave, devout, ambitious, and tenacious. She is, rightfully, one of the spiritual and material founders of the Chilean nation, with parks and schools throughout Chile bearing her name.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Where was Inés Suárez born? She was born in Plasencia, Spain, around 1507.
- What role did she play in the conquest of Chile? She was a conquistadora, nurse, and military figure who played a key role in the founding and defense of Santiago.
- What is the Jagüey de Doña Inés? It’s a spring discovered by Inés Suárez in the Atacama Desert that saved the lives of the expedition.
- Who was Pedro de Valdivia? He was the leader of the expedition to Chile and Suárez’s partner.
