Iran’s Missile Arsenal: A Key Factor in Geneva Talks
As Iran and the United States resume indirect nuclear talks in Geneva, the issue of Iran’s ballistic missile program remains a significant sticking point. Western powers view the arsenal as a threat to regional stability and a potential delivery system for nuclear weapons, a claim Iran denies.
Understanding Ballistic Missiles
A ballistic missile is a rocket-propelled weapon that follows a free-fall trajectory for most of its flight, delivering warheads containing conventional explosives or potentially biological, chemical, or nuclear munitions.
Types and Ranges of Iranian Missiles
Iran possesses the largest stockpile of ballistic missiles in the Middle East. Iranian officials state a self-imposed range limit of 2,000 km (1,240 miles), sufficient to reach Israel. Many missile sites are located in and around Tehran, with at least five known underground “missile cities” in provinces like Kermanshah and Semnan.
Key Missile Systems
Iran’s arsenal includes missiles such as the Sejil (2,000 km range), Emad (1,700 km), Ghadr (2,000 km), Shahab-3 (1,300 km), Khorramshahr (2,000 km) and Hoveyzeh (1,350 km). ISNA reported in April 2025 on missiles capable of reaching Israel, including the Sejil, Kheibar (2,000 km), and Haj Qasem (1,400 km). Other systems include the Shahab-1 (300 km), Zolfaghar (700 km), and Emad-1 (under development, 2,000 km).
Recent Missile Deployments and Conflicts
During the 12-day conflict with Israel in June 2025, Iran fired ballistic missiles into Israel. Israel reportedly destroyed approximately one-third of the Iranian missile launchers during the conflict. Iran claims to have recovered from the damage.
Iran likewise fired missiles at the US Al Udeid air base in Qatar in response to US involvement in Israel’s air war, providing advance warning and resulting in no casualties. A ceasefire followed shortly after. In January 2024, Iran’s Revolutionary Guards used missiles to attack alleged Israeli spy headquarters in Iraq and targets in Syria.
In 2020, Iran launched missiles at US-led forces in Iraq following a US drone strike that killed Major General Qassem Soleimani.
Iran’s Missile Strategy and Technological Advancements
Iran states its ballistic missiles serve as a deterrent and retaliatory force against potential adversaries. Reports indicate Iran is developing underground missile depots with transport, firing, production, and storage capabilities. In 2020, Iran reportedly launched a ballistic missile from underground for the first time.
In June 2023, Iran presented what it described as its first domestically made hypersonic ballistic missile, capable of exceeding five times the speed of sound. Iran’s missile program is largely based on North Korean and Russian designs, with some Chinese assistance.
Iran also possesses cruise missiles, including the Kh-55, a nuclear-capable weapon with a range of up to 3,000 km.
Future Trends and Implications
The continued development of Iran’s missile program, including hypersonic technology, presents a growing challenge to regional security. The program’s expansion, coupled with Iran’s stated strategic objectives, suggests a continued focus on enhancing its deterrent capabilities. The Geneva talks will likely address concerns about the program’s scope and potential for further advancements.
Did you know?
Iran’s missile program has benefited from reverse-engineering and the use of lighter composite materials to increase missile range.
FAQ
- What is the range of Iran’s ballistic missiles? Iran’s missiles have a range of up to 2,000 km, capable of reaching Israel.
- Has Iran used its missiles recently? Yes, Iran used missiles during conflicts with Israel in 2025 and against targets in Iraq and Syria in 2024.
- What is Iran’s stated reason for developing missiles? Iran says its missiles are for deterrence and retaliation.
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