Africa’s Gen Z: A Continent on the Brink of Change
Africa is the world’s youngest continent, with 70% of its population under the age of 30. This demographic reality is fueling a wave of unrest, as Gen Z faces a bleak landscape of high unemployment, limited economic opportunities, and perceived political stagnation. Recent protests in Kenya, Morocco, and Madagascar highlight a generation demanding not just basic services, but a fundamental shift in power and governance. These movements, born in the digital realm, are rapidly translating into real-world demands for change.
The Spark in Kenya: Taxes, Corruption, and a Populist Betrayal
In June 2024, Kenya erupted in protests sparked by a proposed finance bill that increased taxes on essential goods like bread and hygiene products. This ignited fury amongst a population that had supported President William Ruto based on a populist platform promising relief for “hustlers” – the working class and unemployed youth. The attempt to address national debt through increased taxation, while ignoring rampant corruption and the lavish lifestyles of government officials, proved to be a breaking point.
The protests, organized via X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok using viral hashtags, quickly escalated into a nationwide movement. A symbolic attempt to occupy Parliament on June 25th was met with brutal force, resulting in at least 60 deaths, over 600 arrests, and reports of enforced disappearances, according to Amnesty International. While the finance bill was eventually withdrawn, the movement evolved into a broader call for accountability and an end to police brutality. Kenya’s Gen Z, characterized by its decentralized structure and lack of traditional leadership, has become an inspiration for similar movements across East Africa.
Morocco and Madagascar: A Generational Fracture
The unrest in Morocco and Madagascar underscores a common thread: a vast, marginalized youth population confronting corrupt and unresponsive governments. In Morocco, the death of pregnant women in a hospital in Agadir exposed the dire state of the public healthcare system, triggering widespread protests. This anger was further fueled by the massive investment in infrastructure for the 2030 FIFA World Cup, perceived as a misallocation of resources in a country where youth unemployment hovers around 40%.
Led by the anonymous collective GenZ 212, Morocco witnessed its largest wave of dissent since the Arab Spring in 2011. Protests were met with violence, resulting in at least three deaths and hundreds of arrests. King Mohammed VI responded with vague calls for reform, while the government promised increased funding for healthcare and education. However, protesters continue to demand anti-corruption measures and the resignation of Prime Minister Aziz Akhannouch.
In Madagascar, Gen Z took to the streets to protest chronic water and electricity shortages and systemic corruption. Utilizing Facebook and TikTok for organization, the movement escalated to demands for President Andry Rajoelina’s resignation. The protests resulted in 22 deaths, numerous arrests, and injuries. While Rajoelina dissolved the government, his subsequent escape and the ensuing military intervention left the movement feeling betrayed, with a new transitional government offering little representation for the youth.
Future Trends: Digital Activism, Climate Anxiety, and the Demand for Systemic Change
These recent events are not isolated incidents, but rather symptoms of deeper, systemic issues. Several key trends are likely to shape the future of youth activism in Africa:
- The Power of Digital Organizing: Social media will continue to be the primary tool for mobilization, allowing for rapid dissemination of information and coordination of protests. Expect to see increased sophistication in digital tactics, including the use of encrypted messaging apps and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) for secure communication and fundraising.
- Climate Change as a Catalyst: Africa is disproportionately vulnerable to the effects of climate change. As environmental pressures intensify – droughts, floods, food insecurity – climate anxiety will become a major driver of youth activism. Expect protests focused on holding governments and corporations accountable for their environmental impact.
- The Rise of Pan-African Solidarity: The interconnectedness fostered by social media is creating a sense of shared struggle among African youth. We can anticipate increased cross-border solidarity and collaboration, with movements in one country inspiring and supporting those in others.
- Beyond Protests: Focus on Political Participation: While protests will remain a vital form of expression, Gen Z will increasingly seek to engage in formal political processes. This could involve running for office, advocating for policy changes, and forming youth-led political parties.
- Economic Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Frustrated by the lack of traditional employment opportunities, many African youth are turning to entrepreneurship. Expect to see a surge in innovative startups addressing local challenges, particularly in the areas of renewable energy, agriculture, and technology.
Did you know? Africa’s youth population is projected to reach 1.1 billion by 2063, representing 42% of the global youth population. This demographic dividend presents both opportunities and challenges for the continent.
The Role of Governance and International Actors
Addressing the root causes of youth unrest requires a fundamental shift in governance. African governments must prioritize inclusive economic growth, invest in education and healthcare, and tackle corruption. Transparency and accountability are crucial.
International actors also have a role to play. Development aid should be directed towards programs that empower youth, promote good governance, and address climate change. However, it’s essential to avoid imposing external solutions and instead support locally-led initiatives.
Pro Tip: Understanding the local context is crucial when analyzing youth movements in Africa. Each country has its unique history, political dynamics, and socio-economic challenges.
FAQ
- What are the main drivers of youth unrest in Africa? High unemployment, limited economic opportunities, corruption, and a lack of political representation.
- How is social media impacting these movements? Social media facilitates rapid mobilization, information sharing, and coordination of protests.
- What role does climate change play? Climate change exacerbates existing challenges and fuels climate anxiety, driving youth activism.
- Are these protests likely to lead to lasting change? The long-term impact remains to be seen, but these movements are raising awareness, challenging the status quo, and demanding accountability.
Reader Question: “What can individuals do to support these movements?” Supporting independent journalism, advocating for policy changes, and amplifying the voices of African youth are all valuable ways to contribute.
Explore further: Read our article on the impact of climate change on African agriculture and the rise of youth entrepreneurship in Africa.
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