Chikungunya Fever: A Growing Threat Across Europe
A painful tropical disease, chikungunya, is no longer confined to the tropics. New research reveals the virus can now be transmitted by mosquitoes across much of Europe, raising significant public health concerns. The expansion is directly linked to rising temperatures caused by the climate crisis and the spread of the invasive Asian tiger mosquito.
The Climate Connection: Warmer Temperatures, Wider Spread
Historically limited to tropical regions, chikungunya virus is now finding favorable conditions in Europe. Higher temperatures are extending the period during which transmission is possible. In Spain, Greece, Portugal, Italy, and other southern European countries, infections are now possible for more than six months of the year. Even south-east England could experience seasonal outbreaks lasting up to two months annually. Scientists predict this trend will continue as global warming progresses, pushing the virus further north.
The study, published in the Journal of Royal Society Interface, found the minimum temperature for infection to occur is 2.5°C lower than previously estimated – a “quite shocking” difference, according to researchers at the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH).
Understanding the Asian Tiger Mosquito
The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is the primary vector responsible for the spread of chikungunya in Europe. This invasive species, active during daylight hours, has steadily expanded its range across the continent. The mosquito’s ability to transmit the virus at lower temperatures – around 13-14°C – is a key factor in the disease’s increasing prevalence.
Pro Tip: Protect yourself from mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and eliminating standing water around your home.
What is Chikungunya and What are the Symptoms?
Chikungunya virus was first detected in 1952 in Tanzania. The disease causes severe and prolonged joint pain, which can be extremely debilitating. It can also be fatal in young children and older adults. While Europe has seen sporadic cases in the past, France and Italy experienced outbreaks involving hundreds of cases in 2025.
Up to 40% of people continue to suffer from arthritis or severe pain five years after infection. There are vaccines available in the U.S., but in many European countries, treatment currently focuses on managing symptoms.
How Does the Virus Spread?
The virus enters a mosquito’s gut when it feeds on an infected person. After an incubation period, it travels to the mosquito’s saliva, enabling transmission to the next person bitten. However, if the incubation period is longer than the mosquito’s lifespan, the virus cannot spread.
The recent research utilized data from 49 previous studies to determine the virus’s incubation period across a range of temperatures, revealing the lower temperature threshold for transmission.
Europe’s Increasing Vulnerability: Recent Outbreaks
Outbreaks in Europe are often triggered by travelers returning from tropical regions with chikungunya, who are then bitten by local Asian tiger mosquitoes, initiating local transmission. The traditionally cold European winters previously limited mosquito activity, acting as a natural barrier. However, scientists are now observing year-round activity of the Asian tiger mosquito in southern Europe, increasing the likelihood of larger and more frequent outbreaks.
Did you know? The name “Chikungunya” comes from a word in the Makonde language meaning “to become bent over,” describing the stooped posture of sufferers due to joint pain.
Vaccination and Prevention
The Italian Society of Travel and Migration Medicine (Simvim) recommends chikungunya vaccination for travelers heading to areas with active outbreaks, particularly Cuba, Brazil, and parts of Asia. They emphasize that even short trips warrant consideration for vaccination, as a single mosquito bite can lead to infection. It is recommended to get vaccinated at least 14 days before potential exposure.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- What are the main symptoms of chikungunya? Severe joint pain, fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash.
- Is chikungunya fatal? While rare, it can be fatal in young children and older adults.
- How can I protect myself from chikungunya? Employ insect repellent, wear protective clothing, and eliminate standing water.
- Is there a cure for chikungunya? There is no specific cure, treatment focuses on managing symptoms.
- Where is chikungunya most prevalent now? Southern Europe, including Spain, Greece, Italy, and Portugal, is experiencing increased transmission.
Stay informed about the latest developments in chikungunya and other mosquito-borne diseases. Explore additional resources on public health websites and consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice.
