Female Genital Mutilation: Rising Numbers & Risks in the Netherlands

Rising Rates of Female Genital Mutilation in the Netherlands: A Growing Concern

The number of women in the Netherlands who have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM) has increased in recent years, rising from 40,994 in 2018 to 43,428 in 2023. These figures, presented by Pharos expertisecentrum Gezondheidsverschillen, highlight a disturbing trend despite the practice being illegal in the Netherlands for over thirty years, carrying a maximum sentence of sixteen years imprisonment.

The Hidden Risk: Girls at Risk in the Netherlands

Beyond those already affected, an estimated 29,000 girls in the Netherlands may be at risk of FGM over the next twenty years. This includes girls originating from countries where the practice is prevalent, with a smaller, but significant, group of 2,600 considered to be at “real risk” in the coming years, often due to familial traditions.

A concerning pattern has emerged: girls are sometimes taken abroad for the procedure during family vacations and return having undergone FGM. This practice underscores the difficulty in monitoring and preventing FGM, even with existing laws.

Why Does FGM Persist?

FGM is rooted in deeply held beliefs about femininity and sexuality, with the practice often seen as a way to ensure a girl’s chastity and suitability for marriage. Despite its illegality and harmful consequences, these cultural factors continue to drive the practice in some communities.

Expanding Beyond Borders: FGM in Europe

The issue isn’t confined to the Netherlands. There are indications that FGM is likewise being performed in other European countries, including France, Italy, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Whereas concrete evidence within the Netherlands remains elusive, gynaecologist Wendela Kolkman notes it is “naïve” to assume the practice doesn’t occur within the country.

Challenges in Detection and Support

Healthcare professionals often face challenges in addressing FGM. Hesitancy to initiate conversations, stemming from cultural sensitivity and fear of damaging patient trust, can lead to missed opportunities for intervention. A lack of awareness among healthcare providers about the long-term health consequences of FGM can hinder proper diagnosis and treatment. Women often don’t recognize the connection between their health issues, such as recurrent urinary tract infections, and the FGM they have experienced.

The focus of the Dutch approach is primarily on prevention and care, rather than prosecution. “Key figures” within communities, particularly those from Somali and Ethiopian backgrounds, play a vital role in educating families and girls about the dangers of FGM.

Preventative Measures and the Necessitate for Increased Awareness

The increase in reported cases doesn’t necessarily indicate improved monitoring; rather, it may reflect increased awareness and reporting. Many women, particularly recent immigrants or those with limited language skills, struggle to navigate the Dutch healthcare system and access information about FGM.

Senait Tekie, a key figure with the GGD in The Hague, works with Eritrean women to raise awareness about FGM. She emphasizes that many girls are subjected to the practice between the ages of four and twelve, often during family visits to their home countries.

The Role of Legislation and International Cooperation

While the Netherlands has a legal framework in place, the lack of successful prosecutions highlights the difficulties in enforcing the law. The United Kingdom offers a contrasting approach, with the ability to issue travel bans to protect potential victims. The Dutch system currently lacks this preventative measure.

Research from the Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Datacentrum (WODC) has revealed that potential victims are often not adequately protected and are identified “too late or not at all.” The WODC has advocated for stronger legislation and protective measures.

FAQ

What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)? FGM involves the partial or total removal of external female genitalia without medical justification.

Is FGM illegal in the Netherlands? Yes, FGM has been illegal in the Netherlands for over thirty years and is punishable by up to sixteen years in prison.

What can healthcare professionals do? Healthcare professionals should be proactive in asking about FGM and providing support to affected women and girls.

Where can I find more information? You can find more information at Pharos.

Did you know? FGM can lead to severe physical and psychological problems, including complications during childbirth.

Pro Tip: Cultural sensitivity is important, but it should not prevent healthcare professionals from addressing this harmful practice.

This issue demands continued attention, not only within the healthcare system but also in education. Every woman who receives appropriate care is a step forward, but true prevention begins with increased awareness – here, and especially in the countries where this practice remains prevalent.