Firefighter Gear: A Looming Chemical Shift and What It Means for First Responders
For years, firefighters have faced known dangers – flames, smoke, structural collapse. But a growing body of research reveals a less visible threat: the chemicals in their protective gear. A recent study in Environmental Science & Technology Letters has ignited fresh concerns, finding widespread presence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in turnout gear, even in those marketed as PFAS-free. This isn’t simply a replacement of one problem with another; it’s a complex chemical shuffle with potentially serious health implications.
The PFAS Problem and the Rise of BFRs
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), dubbed “forever chemicals,” have long been used in turnout gear to repel water and oil, contributing to flame resistance. However, mounting evidence linking PFAS to cancers, thyroid issues, and other health problems led to growing pressure to remove them. Several states have already enacted bans on PFAS-treated gear, with a 2027 deadline looming for many. But the question remained: what would take their place?
The Duke University study, led by Heather Stapleton, suggests BFRs are increasingly filling that void. Researchers analyzed nine sets of gear manufactured between 2013-2020, and three newer sets (2024) advertised as PFAS-free. The results were startling. While PFAS levels were significantly reduced in the newer gear, extractable levels of BFRs were higher, particularly in the moisture barrier layer.
Did you know? Extractable levels are crucial. They indicate how much of a chemical can potentially leach out and be absorbed through the skin or inhaled, representing the actual exposure risk.
Why Brominated Flame Retardants Are Raising Alarms
BFRs, like decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) – the most prevalent BFR found in the study – are added to materials to slow ignition. However, they aren’t without risk. Exposure has been linked to cancer, thyroid disruption, and neurological developmental problems. A 2019 study of workers at a Chinese chemical plant exposed to DBDPE showed altered thyroid hormone levels and signs of thyroid disease, a concerning parallel for firefighters.
The concern isn’t just the presence of BFRs, but their similarity to previously phased-out chemicals like decaBDE. “It has similar properties as a toxic chemical called decaBDE that has been largely phased out globally, raising questions about its safety,” Stapleton noted in the study.
Beyond PFAS: The Challenge of Chemical Disclosure
A significant hurdle in addressing this issue is a lack of transparency. Manufacturers aren’t typically required to disclose the chemical treatments used in turnout gear. This makes it difficult for fire departments to make informed purchasing decisions and for researchers to fully assess the risks.
This lack of disclosure extends beyond BFRs. As regulations shift and new chemicals are introduced, tracking potential hazards becomes increasingly complex. The fire service needs access to comprehensive chemical inventories to protect its personnel.
The Cost-Benefit Analysis for Fire Departments
Turnout gear is a substantial investment – a single set can cost thousands of dollars. Fire departments must balance the financial burden of replacing gear with the potential health risks to their firefighters. This is further complicated by the longevity of the gear; sets are often used for years.
R. Bryan Ormond, co-author of the study, emphasizes the trade-offs: “Fire departments must consider both the financial and personal safety costs of keeping or replacing gear.” The emergence of gear avoiding both PFAS and BFRs offers a potential solution, but availability and cost remain factors.
Future Trends and Potential Solutions
The current situation points to several key trends:
- Increased Scrutiny of Flame Retardants: Expect greater regulatory pressure on all flame retardants, not just PFAS and BFRs.
- Demand for Transparency: Fire departments and advocacy groups will likely push for mandatory chemical disclosure from manufacturers.
- Innovation in Material Science: Research into inherently flame-resistant materials – those that don’t require chemical treatments – will accelerate. This includes exploring alternative fibers and weaving techniques.
- Enhanced Gear Cleaning and Decontamination: Developing effective methods to remove chemical residues from gear after fires will become increasingly important.
Pro Tip: Fire departments should prioritize gear maintenance and cleaning protocols to minimize chemical buildup from smoke and soot. Regular inspections and proper storage can also extend the lifespan of gear and reduce exposure.
FAQ: Chemical Concerns in Firefighter Gear
- Q: Are all turnout gear sets affected by PFAS or BFRs?
A: The study found PFAS in gear manufactured between 2013-2020. BFRs were present in all gear tested, including newer PFAS-free sets. - Q: What are the health risks associated with BFRs?
A: Potential health risks include cancer, thyroid problems, and neurological developmental issues. - Q: What can fire departments do to protect their firefighters?
A: Advocate for chemical disclosure, consider PFAS- and BFR-free gear options, prioritize gear maintenance, and stay informed about emerging research. - Q: Is there a safe alternative to PFAS and BFRs?
A: Research is ongoing, but inherently flame-resistant materials and improved gear design offer promising avenues.
The chemical composition of firefighter turnout gear is undergoing a rapid transformation. Staying ahead of these changes requires ongoing research, transparent communication, and a commitment to prioritizing the health and safety of those who protect our communities.
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Source: Environmental Science & Technology Letters
Learn more about PFAS from the EPA
