Food allergy development ‘influenced by many factors’

The Rising Tide of Food Allergies: Unraveling the Complex Web of Risk Factors

Nearly 350 risk factors for food allergy development have been identified in a comprehensive review of 176 studies, highlighting the intricate interplay of genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Researchers are increasingly focused on understanding these factors to develop targeted prevention strategies.

The Genetic and Biological Landscape

Family history remains a significant predictor of food allergies. Having a mother, father, or sibling with allergies substantially increases a child’s risk. Specifically, a child’s odds increase if a parent has a food allergy, with the highest risk observed when both parents are affected. The presence of atopic dermatitis (eczema) in infancy is also strongly linked to increased allergy risk, with infants experiencing this condition having nearly four times the odds of developing a food allergy.

The Role of Early Life Exposures

Early life antibiotic use is emerging as a critical factor. Systemic antibiotic exposure in the first month and year of life is associated with a heightened likelihood of food allergy development. Antibiotic use during pregnancy also appears to elevate the risk. This suggests that disruption of the gut microbiome in early life may play a crucial role in immune system development and allergy susceptibility.

Environmental and Socioeconomic Influences

Race and ethnicity also appear to play a role, with Black individuals showing a significantly higher likelihood of developing food allergies compared to white individuals. Migration history is another factor, with children of parents who have migrated exhibiting increased risk. This suggests that environmental exposures and lifestyle changes associated with migration may contribute to allergy development.

Beyond the Basics: Subtle but Significant Factors

Even seemingly minor factors can contribute to risk. Being male, being a firstborn child, and delivery via Cesarean section are all associated with slightly increased odds of developing food allergies. These findings underscore the complexity of the issue and the need for a holistic approach to prevention.

The Future of Food Allergy Prevention

Derek K. Chu, MD, PhD, FRCPC, of McMaster University, emphasizes the need for a multi-faceted approach. “Doctors and other clinicians need to identify high-risk children early and guide prevention; public health officials and policymakers need to design better allergy prevention programs; and researchers need to build on these findings and test new strategies.” Future research will likely focus on personalized prevention strategies tailored to individual risk profiles.

Healio AI: A New Tool for Clinicians

Healio AI is offering clinicians a new way to access knowledge and support in the field of allergy, and immunology. The tool allows users to ask clinical questions and tap into a comprehensive knowledge base, including PubMed, clinical guidelines, and Healio’s exclusive news coverage. This technology has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment decisions.

FAQ: Food Allergies and Risk Factors

• What is the biggest risk factor for food allergies? Family history of allergies and the presence of atopic dermatitis in infancy are among the strongest risk factors.
• Does antibiotic use really increase allergy risk? Yes, systemic antibiotic use in infancy and during pregnancy is associated with a higher likelihood of food allergy development.
• Are certain racial or ethnic groups more at risk? Yes, individuals who self-identify as Black have a higher risk compared to white individuals.
• Can the way a baby is delivered affect allergy risk? Delivery via Cesarean section is associated with a slightly increased risk.

Pro Tip: Early Intervention is Key

If your child has a family history of allergies or develops atopic dermatitis, discuss potential prevention strategies with your pediatrician. Early identification of risk factors can help guide proactive measures.

Derek K. Chu, MD, PhD, FRCPC, can be reached at [email protected].

Sources: Islam N, et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2026;doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.6105.

Disclosures: Chu reports holding a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Inclusive Excellence prize, an E. J. Moran Campbell Career Research Award and a CIHR Chair in Allergy for Improving Human Development, Child, and Youth Health.

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