Baltic Freeze Tests Germany’s LNG Ambitions
Harsh winter conditions in the Baltic Sea are challenging Germany’s efforts to secure LNG imports, highlighting the vulnerabilities of its newly established infrastructure. A malfunctioning icebreaker and unusually thick ice are impacting operations at the Deutsche ReGas terminal in Mukran, raising concerns about gas supply as storage levels are at their lowest point since 2013.
The Mukran Terminal: A Cornerstone of German Energy Security
The Energie-Terminal “Deutsche Ostsee,” operated by Deutsche ReGas, has become a critical component of Germany’s strategy to replace Russian pipeline gas with LNG. Utilizing the floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) Neptune (145,000 cbm), the terminal achieved record-high gas deliveries in the second quarter of 2025. However, the current icy conditions are testing its resilience.
Deutsche ReGas maintains the terminal remains fully operational despite the challenges. The LNG carrier Maran Gas Nice (174,295 cbm) was recently escorted through the ice, completing its delivery. Another vessel, Minerva Amorgas (174,000 cbm), is currently holding offshore, awaiting improved conditions.
Icebreaker Issues and Emergency Measures
Germany’s icebreaker Neuwerk, designed to operate in ice up to 50 centimeters thick, experienced engine failure on February 12th while assisting with operations. The vessel has returned to Rostock for inspection, and repairs. A chartered tug, VB Bremen Fighter, has been brought in to provide assistance in the interim.
The ice along the Baltic coast has reached thicknesses of up to one meter in some areas, exceeding the Neuwerk’s capacity. This situation underscores the importance of robust icebreaking capabilities for maintaining reliable LNG imports during harsh winters.
Germany’s LNG Transition: From Overcapacity to Tight Margins
Germany rapidly developed a series of floating LNG terminals following the start of the war in Ukraine. Last winter saw reports of overcapacity, but this year’s challenging conditions suggest a much tighter margin for supply. Deutsche ReGas insists supply is secured, but the situation highlights the delicate balance of the energy transition.
Germany now sources most of its natural gas from Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium, alongside smaller amounts from Russia via indirect routes. The U.S. Is a major supplier, accounting for over 90% of Germany’s total LNG imports.
Future Trends: Resilience and Diversification
The current situation points to several key trends in the future of LNG imports:
- Increased Investment in Icebreaking Capabilities: Germany and other Baltic Sea nations will likely invest in more powerful and reliable icebreakers to ensure uninterrupted LNG deliveries during severe winters.
- Diversification of Supply Routes: Reliance on a single terminal or supply route is risky. Diversifying import sources and infrastructure will be crucial for energy security.
- Enhanced Weather Forecasting and Preparedness: Improved weather forecasting and proactive planning will allow operators to anticipate and mitigate the impact of extreme weather events.
- Infrastructure Upgrades: Terminals may necessitate to be adapted to operate more effectively in icy conditions, potentially including heated pipelines or improved ice protection measures.
The experience at Mukran serves as a valuable lesson for other nations pursuing LNG import strategies in cold climates. Building infrastructure is only the first step; ensuring its resilience and operational continuity is paramount.
FAQ
Q: What is an FSRU?
A: An FSRU (Floating Storage and Regasification Unit) is a ship that can store LNG and convert it back into a gaseous form for delivery into a pipeline network.
Q: How thick is the ice in the Baltic Sea currently?
A: The ice thickness varies, but in some places it has reached up to one meter (approximately 3.3 feet).
Q: Is Germany still importing gas from Russia?
A: While direct pipeline imports have largely ceased, Germany still receives a small percentage (3-9%) of its gas from Russia via pipelines through other countries.
Q: What is the capacity of the Mukran LNG terminal?
A: Germany plans to expand the capacity of the Mukran LNG terminal to 13.5 bcm/y.
Did you know? Germany largely managed to completely cut off direct pipeline imports of Russian natural gas by successfully building new LNG infrastructure.
