The Next Pandemic Threats: Bird Flu, Mpox and Oropouche Virus on the Rise
As the world continues to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, epidemiologists and international organizations are closely monitoring three viruses that pose growing threats. Although no emergency has been declared, these pathogens are expanding their reach and exhibiting changes in behavior, demanding increased vigilance.
H5N1 Bird Flu: A Species Jump and Mutation Concerns
The H5N1 avian influenza virus has ceased to be solely a problem for birds. In 2024, it was detected for the first time in dairy cows in the United States, a significant species jump that immediately raised alarms. The virus has since reappeared in multiple states, and studies suggest numerous instances of transmission from cattle to humans, often without noticeable symptoms.
As of recent reports, the CDC has documented 71 human cases and two deaths linked to H5N1 since 2024, with no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission. Although, the virus’s potential for mutation remains a critical concern. If H5N1 adapts to efficient human transmission, the situation could escalate rapidly, prompting the development of specific vaccines to ensure current ones remain effective.
Mpox: Resurgent Variants and Shifting Geographic Patterns
Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) continues to circulate with two active variants. The 2022 global outbreak expanded the Clade IIb to over one hundred countries, establishing it as a recurring international presence.
Currently, an increase in cases of Clade I, considered more severe, is causing concern in Central Africa since 2024. Notably, cases of Clade Ib have been reported in the United States among individuals with no travel history, suggesting transmission chains independent of Africa. While a vaccine exists, there is currently no approved specific treatment.
Oropouche Virus: Expanding Beyond the Amazon
The Oropouche virus, less known outside of Latin America, is receiving increasing attention from researchers. First detected in Trinidad in the 1950s, it was initially considered limited to the Amazon region. This perception has changed in recent decades.
Since the 2000s, the virus has spread throughout South, Central America, and the Caribbean. In 2024, the first associated deaths were recorded in Brazil, and cases began appearing in Europe linked to travelers. Investigations are too underway regarding vertical transmission and potential links to microcephaly.
The mosquito that transmits the virus is already well-adapted to large areas of the continent, including regions of the southeastern United States. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific treatment available, but the World Health Organization released a roadmap in January 2026 to accelerate prevention efforts.
Common Threads: Expansion and Global Factors
These three viruses share a common characteristic: they have all expanded into new territories in recent years. Factors such as global warming, rapid urbanization, and increased international travel contribute to the circulation of pathogens in previously unexpected environments.
Other outbreaks, like chikungunya – with over 445,000 cases reported in 2025 – and the resurgence of measles in countries with declining vaccination coverage, are also under surveillance. The Nipah virus is also being closely monitored following recent episodes in Asia.
Early Vigilance: The Key to Prevention
Experts emphasize that early surveillance is crucial. Recent experiences have demonstrated that detecting changes in viral circulation can be the difference between a contained outbreak and a global crisis.
Did you know?
The Oropouche virus mosquito vector is already adapted to wide areas, even in the southeastern United States.
Frequently Asked Questions
- What is H5N1? H5N1 is an avian influenza virus that has recently jumped to mammals, including cows, and poses a mutation risk.
- Is Mpox still a threat? Yes, Mpox continues to circulate with two active variants, and an increase in more severe cases is being observed.
- Where is the Oropouche virus spreading? The Oropouche virus is expanding beyond Latin America, with cases now appearing in Europe.
- What can be done to prevent future outbreaks? Early surveillance, vaccination, and international collaboration are key to preventing and containing outbreaks.
Stay informed about emerging health threats and consult with healthcare professionals for the latest guidance and recommendations.
