Mpox Cases Rise in Brazil: What You Need to Know
Brazil is currently experiencing a resurgence of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), with 48 confirmed cases reported in 2026 as of February 20th. The majority of these cases are concentrated in São Paulo, accounting for 41 of the total, followed by Rio de Janeiro (3), and single cases in the Federal District, Rondônia, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. Importantly, no deaths have been reported.
Current Situation and Trends
The Ministry of Health reports that most cases are mild to moderate. However, the numbers represent a continuing trend; in 2025, Brazil recorded 1,079 cases and two fatalities. Data from São Paulo’s NIES (Strategic Health Information Nucleus) indicates a slightly higher number of confirmed cases – 44 – for 2026, with 185 total notifications, including 71 still under investigation and 57 ruled out.
The Brazilian government emphasizes ongoing active surveillance and the readiness of the Unified Health System (SUS) for diagnosis, clinical management, and contact tracing for 14 days to interrupt transmission chains.
Understanding Mpox: Symptoms and Transmission
Mpox is caused by the Mpox virus, belonging to the orthopoxvirus family – the same family as the variola virus. Initial symptoms include fever, headache, body aches, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. These are followed by a skin rash that progresses through stages: red lesions, fluid-filled blisters, and eventually scabs.
Transmission primarily occurs through direct physical contact with lesions, whether sexual or non-sexual. The incubation period can range from a few days to three weeks. Transmission can also occur through contact with bodily fluids, from mother to baby, or contaminated objects. Respiratory droplet transmission is less common.
Did you know? Mpox has been present in countries of Central and West Africa for decades, but gained global attention with the 2022 outbreak.
Who is at Risk?
Certain populations are considered to be at higher risk, including men who have sex with men, individuals living with HIV/AIDS, people with weakened immune systems, young children, and pregnant women. The virus divides into two clades, 1 and 2, with subclades 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b. The 1b clade is associated with more severe symptoms in those with compromised immunity.
Prevention and Treatment
Vaccination is the most effective preventative measure, and the vaccine is available through the SUS for individuals over 18 who live with HIV/AIDS, are using PrEP, or are healthcare professionals with potential exposure. However, vaccine coverage remains insufficient.
Currently, there are no highly effective specific treatments for mpox. Management focuses on supportive care.
Pro Tip: If you develop skin lesions accompanied by fever, body aches, or swollen lymph nodes, seek medical attention and isolate yourself until evaluated.
The Road Ahead: Concerns and Vigilance
Experts express concern about the potential for increased cases, particularly with events like Carnival, which often involve close physical contact. The emergence of the 1b clade in Brazil is also a point of attention.
FAQ
What should I do if I think I have mpox? Seek medical attention immediately and isolate yourself to prevent potential spread.
Is the mpox vaccine widely available? The vaccine is available through the SUS for specific at-risk groups, but coverage is currently limited.
How is mpox different from smallpox? Even as both are orthopoxviruses, mpox symptoms are generally milder than smallpox, and mpox is less easily transmitted.
Can mpox be spread through casual contact? Direct contact with lesions or bodily fluids is required for transmission. Casual contact is unlikely to spread the virus.
Want to learn more about public health initiatives in Brazil? Visit the Ministry of Health website.
Share your thoughts and experiences in the comments below. Let’s perform together to stay informed and protect our communities.
