The New Geopolitical Battleground: Why the World is Racing to Secure Critical Minerals
The quiet hills of Gangwon Province, South Korea, are now at the center of a global power play. The Sangdong Mine, recently acquired by Canadian firm Almonty Industries, has become a focal point, not for its tungsten output alone, but for what it represents: a critical link in the emerging “mineral war.” As the United States publicly highlights its strategic importance, it’s becoming increasingly clear that access to raw materials is the new frontline in geopolitical competition.
From Guns and Missiles to Gallium and Germanium
For decades, military strength was measured in conventional arms. Today, the equation is shifting. The ability to manufacture advanced technologies – AI, semiconductors, hypersonic weapons – is increasingly dependent on a reliable supply of critical minerals. Tungsten, essential for everything from tank armor to cutting-edge weaponry, is just the tip of the iceberg. Rare earth elements, gallium, germanium, lithium, cobalt – these are the new strategic assets.
China currently dominates the production of many of these minerals, controlling over 80% of the global tungsten supply, and a significant portion of rare earth processing. This dominance isn’t merely economic; it’s a potent geopolitical tool. China has repeatedly demonstrated its willingness to leverage this control, as seen with previous restrictions on rare earth exports to Japan in 2010, and more recent export controls on gallium and germanium in July 2023, citing national security concerns. Reuters reported extensively on these measures.
The Sangdong Mine: A Microcosm of a Global Trend
The acquisition of the Sangdong Mine by Almonty Industries is a significant development. It prevents a strategic asset from falling into the hands of a potential adversary. However, it also highlights the need for Western nations to proactively secure access to these vital resources. The US isn’t simply interested in “supply diversification”; it’s actively working to build a network of allied nations with secure mineral supply chains. This is a key component of its strategy to counter China’s growing influence.
This isn’t limited to Asia. Australia, rich in lithium and rare earths, is becoming a crucial partner for the US and Europe. The Democratic Republic of Congo, holding a substantial portion of the world’s cobalt reserves, is also attracting increased attention – and scrutiny – due to ethical concerns surrounding mining practices. The Council on Foreign Relations provides detailed analysis of the challenges in the DRC.
Beyond Supply Chains: Investing in Innovation and Recycling
Securing critical mineral supplies isn’t solely about finding new mines. Innovation in materials science is crucial. Researchers are actively exploring alternatives to minerals currently dominated by China, and developing new extraction techniques to reduce reliance on environmentally damaging practices. For example, research into sodium-ion batteries offers a potential alternative to lithium-ion technology, reducing dependence on lithium and cobalt.
Equally important is the development of robust recycling infrastructure. Currently, a shockingly small percentage of critical minerals are recycled from end-of-life products. Investing in technologies to recover these materials from electronics, batteries, and other sources can significantly reduce the need for new mining operations. The European Union is leading the charge with its proposed Battery Regulation, aiming for high rates of battery material recovery. European Commission details the regulation.
What Does This Mean for Korea?
South Korea, a global leader in semiconductors and advanced manufacturing, is particularly vulnerable to disruptions in critical mineral supply. Despite its technological prowess, the country has historically lagged in securing access to these essential resources. The situation with the Sangdong Mine serves as a wake-up call.
Korea needs a three-pronged strategy: First, designate strategic minerals as national security assets and establish a robust management system. Second, foster collaboration with international partners while retaining control over key assets and ensuring priority access during emergencies. Third, actively participate in the formation of a “De-China Mineral Alliance” alongside the US and EU.
FAQ: Critical Minerals and the Future of Geopolitics
- What are critical minerals? These are minerals essential for manufacturing advanced technologies, with supply chains vulnerable to disruption.
- Why is China so dominant in this space? China invested heavily in mineral processing and refining over the past two decades, creating a significant competitive advantage.
- What can countries do to reduce their reliance on China? Diversify supply chains, invest in innovation and recycling, and build strategic partnerships with resource-rich nations.
- Is recycling a viable solution? Yes, but it requires significant investment in new technologies and infrastructure.
- What is the “De-China Mineral Alliance”? An emerging coalition of countries working to reduce their dependence on Chinese mineral supplies.
The era of taking mineral resources for granted is over. The future of technology, economic competitiveness, and national security hinges on securing access to these vital materials. The question isn’t whether a “mineral war” is happening – it’s whether nations will proactively position themselves to win it.
Want to learn more? Explore our articles on sustainable mining practices and the future of battery technology.
