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Electrical Stimulation stimulation restores movement and sensory feedback after severe spinal injury

by Chief Editor
written by Chief Editor

Spinal Cord Stimulation: A New Era of Movement and Sensation

Researchers at Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, and VA Providence Healthcare have achieved a significant breakthrough in restoring communication across damaged spinal cords. A recent clinical trial, published in Nature Biomedical Engineering, demonstrates the potential of electrical stimulation to re-establish both motor control and sensory feedback in individuals with complete spinal cord injuries.

Bridging the Gap: Restoring Two-Way Communication

Spinal cord injuries often result in a loss of both movement and sensation. This new research focuses on addressing both deficits simultaneously. The study involved three participants paralyzed from the waist down, who received electrical stimulation via electrode arrays implanted both above and below their injury sites. Stimulation below the injury partially restored muscle control, while stimulation above the injury enabled participants to perceive the position of their legs during assisted walking on a treadmill.

The “DJ Board” and Personalized Stimulation

A key element of the study was the development of a “DJ board” – a control device allowing participants to personalize their stimulation patterns. This interface, featuring knobs and sliders, enabled them to fine-tune the electrical impulses to achieve desired muscle movements. Researchers then used data from these personalized settings to train a machine learning model, optimizing stimulation for each individual.

Sensory Replacement: Reinterpreting Neural Signals

Because direct restoration of sensation is currently impossible due to severed neural pathways, the team employed a “sensory replacement” approach. This involved stimulating areas of the spinal cord above the injury to generate sensations in other parts of the body – such as the chest or arm – and training participants to associate these sensations with leg movements. Participants were able to accurately report the angle of their knee based on the intensity of these generated sensations.

Coordinated Movement: Walking with Assistance

The study culminated in participants performing walking movements on a treadmill while receiving simultaneous motor and sensory stimulation. Supported by a harness and aided by physical therapists, participants could engage the necessary muscles and accurately report when their feet struck the ground. One participant described feeling a sensation in their chest that indicated foot contact.

Future Trends in Neurotechnology for Spinal Cord Injury

This research represents a pivotal step toward restoring functional independence for individuals with spinal cord injuries. Several trends are emerging that build upon these findings:

Advancements in Implant Technology

The current study utilized implanted electrode arrays. Future developments will likely focus on creating fully implantable, wireless systems, eliminating the need for external connections and improving patient comfort. The Center for Innovative Neurotechnology for Neural Repair (CINNR) at Brown University is already working towards this goal, with plans for an all-in-one implanted system funded by DARPA.

Refining Machine Learning Algorithms

The use of machine learning to personalize stimulation patterns is crucial. Ongoing research will refine these algorithms to achieve even greater precision and adaptability, potentially allowing for real-time adjustments based on individual needs and changing conditions.

Expanding Sensory Feedback Modalities

The sensory replacement approach demonstrated in this study is promising, but researchers are exploring other methods of restoring sensation, including directly stimulating sensory pathways and developing brain-computer interfaces that bypass the damaged spinal cord altogether.

Combining Stimulation with Rehabilitation

The potential for spinal stimulation to enhance rehabilitation efforts is significant. Future studies will investigate whether combining stimulation with targeted physical therapy can promote neuroplasticity and lead to more lasting improvements in motor function.

The Role of the VA and DARPA

Funding from the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is playing a critical role in accelerating these advancements. These agencies recognize the potential of neurotechnology to improve the lives of veterans and individuals with disabilities.

FAQ

Q: Is this a cure for spinal cord injury?
A: Not yet. This research represents a significant step forward, but further studies are needed to refine the technology and determine its long-term effectiveness.

Q: How long will it take for this technology to develop into widely available?
A: It’s difficult to say. Clinical trials are ongoing, and regulatory approval will be required before the technology can be widely implemented.

Q: What are the potential risks of spinal cord stimulation?
A: The study reported no device-related adverse effects. Though, as with any medical procedure, Notice potential risks that need to be carefully evaluated.

Q: Will this technology work for all types of spinal cord injuries?
A: The current study focused on individuals with complete spinal cord injuries. Further research is needed to determine its effectiveness for other types of injuries.

Did you know? The research team allowed participants to have direct control over the stimulation patterns, empowering them in the rehabilitation process.

Pro Tip: Staying informed about the latest advancements in neurotechnology can provide hope and empower individuals affected by spinal cord injuries to advocate for their care.

Learn more about the Center for Innovative Neurotechnology for Neural Repair at Brown Health.

Have questions about spinal cord injuries or neurotechnology? Share your thoughts in the comments below!

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Health

Lawsuits allege Portneuf Medical Center retaliated against whistleblowers for reporting dirty surgical tools | Local

by Chief Editor
written by Chief Editor

Surgical Safety Under Scrutiny: Lawsuits Signal a Potential Turning Point for Hospital Accountability

Recent lawsuits filed against Portneuf Medical Center in Pocatello, Idaho, alleging retaliation and defamation after concerns were raised about contaminated surgical instruments, aren’t isolated incidents. They represent a growing trend of healthcare professionals and staff coming forward about systemic safety issues, and a potential shift towards greater hospital accountability. The cases, brought by neurosurgeon Dr. Jonathan Morgan and medical device representative Dallin Caudle, highlight a disturbing pattern: concerns dismissed, investigations blocked, and potential patient risk downplayed.

The Rise of Whistleblower Cases in Healthcare

Healthcare is a notoriously complex industry, often shielded from public scrutiny. However, whistleblower protection laws, like Idaho’s, are empowering individuals to report wrongdoing without fear of reprisal. A 2023 report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found a significant increase in False Claims Act cases related to healthcare fraud, many originating from whistleblowers. This suggests a growing willingness to challenge the status quo. The Portneuf case, with its allegations of financial incentives influencing equipment choices and a culture of concealment, taps into a broader anxiety about prioritizing profits over patient safety.

Did you know? The False Claims Act allows individuals (whistleblowers) to file lawsuits on behalf of the government when they have evidence of fraud. They can receive a percentage of any recovered funds.

Sterilization Failures: A Persistent Problem

The Idaho Department of Health and Welfare investigation confirmed the presence of tissue fragments on surgical instruments at Portneuf, a finding echoed in numerous reports nationwide. In 2022, the CDC issued a health advisory regarding reprocessing failures of duodenoscopes, complex instruments used in endoscopic procedures, highlighting the ongoing challenge of ensuring sterility. The core issue isn’t necessarily a lack of technology, but rather a breakdown in protocols, training, and oversight. The Portneuf case specifically points to inadequate training on vendor-supplied trays and restricted access for sterile processing staff.

The Impact of Regulatory Scrutiny and Accreditation

Portneuf’s recent achievement of multiple center of excellence accreditations from Surgical Review Corporation is a strategic move, but it doesn’t negate the allegations in the lawsuits. Accreditation provides a baseline level of quality, but it’s not a guarantee against systemic issues. The Joint Commission’s unannounced inspection, referenced in Dr. Morgan’s complaint, demonstrates the importance of independent oversight. Expect to see increased scrutiny from regulatory bodies like the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and a greater emphasis on proactive risk assessment.

The Role of Technology in Enhancing Surgical Safety

While the Portneuf case highlights failures in existing processes, technology offers potential solutions. Real-time instrument tracking systems, utilizing RFID tags, can verify sterilization and prevent the use of compromised tools. Advanced sterilization methods, such as hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, are becoming more prevalent. Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) is being explored for its ability to analyze surgical data and identify potential infection risks. However, technology is only effective when implemented correctly and integrated into a robust safety culture.

Pro Tip: Hospitals should invest in comprehensive staff training programs that emphasize the importance of sterile processing and provide hands-on experience with new technologies and procedures.

The Legal Landscape: Racketeering and Whistleblower Protection

The inclusion of racketeering claims in both lawsuits is significant. Racketeering laws, originally designed to combat organized crime, are increasingly being used to address systemic fraud and misconduct in healthcare. The allegation that PMC officers made fraudulent corporate reports about contamination problems suggests a deliberate attempt to mislead regulators and the public. Strong whistleblower protection laws are crucial for encouraging individuals to report such misconduct, but they must be coupled with robust enforcement mechanisms.

Future Trends: Transparency and Patient Empowerment

The Portneuf case, and others like it, are likely to accelerate several key trends in healthcare:

  • Increased Transparency: Patients will demand greater access to information about hospital safety records, infection rates, and sterilization protocols.
  • Enhanced Whistleblower Protections: States will strengthen laws protecting healthcare workers who report safety concerns.
  • Focus on Safety Culture: Hospitals will prioritize creating a culture of safety where concerns are welcomed and addressed proactively.
  • Greater Use of Technology: Advanced technologies will be adopted to improve sterilization processes and enhance instrument tracking.
  • Patient Advocacy: Patient advocacy groups will play a more active role in demanding accountability from healthcare providers.

FAQ

Q: What is a whistleblower protection law?
A: A law that protects individuals who report illegal or unethical activities within an organization from retaliation.

Q: What is the role of the CDC in surgical safety?
A: The CDC provides guidelines and recommendations for infection control practices in healthcare settings.

Q: What is the False Claims Act?
A: A federal law that allows individuals to sue on behalf of the government when they have evidence of fraud.

Q: How can patients find information about hospital safety?
A: Resources include the CDC, CMS, and state health departments.

Do you have questions about hospital safety or patient rights? Share your thoughts in the comments below!

Explore our other articles on healthcare regulations and patient advocacy for more in-depth information.

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Tech

Artificial intelligence-integrated video analysis of vessel area changes and instrument motion for microsurgical skill assessment

by Chief Editor
written by Chief Editor

AI in the Operating Room: Revolutionizing Microsurgery and Surgical Training

The world of surgery is rapidly evolving, and at the forefront of this transformation is the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI). From assisting with complex procedures to refining surgical training, AI is poised to revolutionize how surgeons operate and how they learn. This article dives deep into the current trends and future possibilities of AI in microsurgery, offering insights into the technologies, challenges, and potential benefits.

Unveiling the Power of AI-Driven Surgical Analysis

The core of this surgical revolution lies in analyzing surgical videos using advanced AI algorithms. This includes using various AI models. These models can assess a surgeon’s performance, providing objective feedback on technical skills. Unlike traditional methods reliant on human expertise and subjective grading, AI offers real-time, data-driven insights. By analyzing instrument motion, tissue deformation, and even surgical phases, AI can offer a comprehensive assessment.

One significant advancement is the integration of multiple AI models to capture a broader range of surgical skills. Consider a recent study that combined models to analyze both tool movement and tissue interaction, leading to a more nuanced understanding of surgical performance. Such integration allows for more accurate identification of technical strengths and weaknesses, which can then be used to create personalized training pathways for surgeons.

Did you know? AI can analyze surgical videos to identify and flag potentially dangerous movements, which can reduce the chances of complications during complex procedures.

Enhancing Training: AI as a Virtual Instructor

AI is also transforming how surgeons are trained. Traditional training often involves instructor-led sessions and limited feedback. However, AI can provide continuous, objective feedback throughout a surgical procedure. Using video analysis, these systems can assess various elements such as precision, speed, and efficiency. This allows surgeons to refine their techniques and improve the quality of their work.

AI-powered tools can analyze vast amounts of data generated in operating rooms, providing real-time feedback that is impractical for human instructors. The use of these AI systems allows trainees to refine their skills effectively. For example, one recent study showed that self-directed learning, enhanced with AI-driven insights, provided similar outcomes to traditional instructor-led training in the initial stages of skill acquisition. Read more about AI in surgical education.

Pro Tip: Embrace AI-driven training tools to accelerate your learning curve and refine your surgical skills more efficiently.

Addressing Challenges: Transparency, Standardization, and Limitations

While AI presents tremendous opportunities, several challenges must be addressed. One key area is ensuring transparency and explainability in AI models. Surgeons need to understand how AI arrives at its assessments and recommendations. This requires explainable AI (XAI) that can provide insights into its decision-making process. Developing guidelines for video recording is critical to ensure consistent data quality across diverse clinical settings.

Another critical area is standardizing video recording protocols. This standardization will reduce algorithmic misclassification issues and create consistent data quality. Further research is also needed to explore alternative deep learning models or fine-tune existing architectures to improve accuracy and generalizability. One major limitation, however, is the lack of 3D kinematic data in current models. Improving the ability to capture 3D movement of surgical instruments and enhancing the depth perception accuracy of these AI systems is a critical focus.

The Future of Microsurgery: Trends and Predictions

The future of microsurgery is likely to include more AI-assisted devices that can promptly provide feedback on technical challenges, allowing trainees to refine their skills. Consider a real-time warning system that alerts surgeons when instrument motion or tissue deformation exceeds a safety threshold. Such AI-driven systems can enhance patient safety by providing immediate warnings about potential issues.

The future also suggests significant developments in surgical skills assessment. Objective assessments of microsurgical skills could facilitate surgeon certification and credentialing within the medical community. The incorporation of 3D tracking technologies and expanded datasets will further validate and refine AI-driven microsurgical skill assessment methodologies.

FAQ: AI in Microsurgery

  1. How does AI improve surgical training? AI provides objective, real-time feedback on surgical techniques, helping surgeons refine their skills and accelerate their learning.
  2. What are the main challenges facing AI in surgery? Ensuring transparency, standardizing data, and improving the accuracy of AI models are among the key challenges.
  3. Can AI enhance patient safety? Yes, AI can detect potentially dangerous movements and provide warnings, reducing the risk of complications.

The integration of AI into microsurgery represents a significant leap forward in medicine. While challenges remain, the potential benefits for surgical training, skill assessment, and patient safety are substantial. As these technologies evolve, they will continue to shape the future of microsurgery, leading to more skilled surgeons and better patient outcomes.

Ready to learn more about the innovative world of surgical technology? Share your thoughts and questions below, and explore related articles to deepen your knowledge.

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Business

Electrostatic electricity of wool fabrics as a novel therapeutic approach for neuropathic pain relief | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery

by Chief Editor
written by Chief Editor

Unraveling the Future of Pain Relief: Beyond Pills and Needles

Chronic pain, a relentless adversary for millions, is pushing the boundaries of medical innovation. The traditional approaches, often reliant on pharmaceuticals, are increasingly scrutinized for their side effects and limited efficacy. Today, we’re diving deep into cutting-edge research exploring alternative and complementary therapies, specifically focusing on how the humble wool fiber is showing promise in this evolving landscape.

The Autonomic Nervous System’s Role in Chronic Pain

The article you provided delves into the intricate relationship between chronic pain and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Understanding this connection is crucial. The ANS, the body’s control center for involuntary functions like heart rate and sweating, often becomes dysregulated in chronic pain sufferers. This dysregulation can manifest as altered responses to stimuli, affecting everything from sleep patterns to mood.

For instance, the study references the sympathetic skin response (SSR), a simple test to assess ANS function. In healthy individuals, the SSR would increase with a painful stimulus. However, in those with chronic pain, the response can be blunted.

Did you know? Chronic pain can lead to increased sympathetic activity, contributing to the sensitization of pain receptors and intensifying the experience of pain. This is where innovative treatments become vital.

Wool: A Surprising Ally in the Fight Against Pain?

The concept of using wool for pain relief may seem unconventional, but the research presented explores its potential benefits. Wool’s unique properties, including its ability to retain moisture and provide thermal insulation, could offer a pathway to modulating the body’s pain response.

Two studies in Turkey, as the source material notes, explored the impact of wool undergarments and bedding on patients with fibromyalgia and low back pain. Participants reported reduced pain levels.

The study highlighted in the source material also delves into the use of a wool wristband. While the results were not statistically significant, the tendency toward pain relief and the changes in the SSR provide valuable insights. The wristband could potentially reduce pain and the autonomic nervous system response.

Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR) as a Key Diagnostic Tool

The SSR is more than just a test; it’s a window into the body’s pain response. It is a common, simple, noninvasive test and widely available on routine EMG equipment. Analyzing SSR latency (the time it takes for a nerve impulse to travel) and amplitude (the strength of the response) helps assess the health and function of the sympathetic nervous system.

As the source material explains, SSR measurements can be affected by various treatment protocols. Some treatments increase the amplitude and shorten the latency, while others may have the opposite effect.

This makes the SSR a valuable tool for monitoring treatment effectiveness.
Learn more about nerve conduction studies and their role in diagnosing pain.

Wool’s Mechanisms of Action: More Than Just Warmth

How could wool possibly offer pain relief? Several mechanisms are proposed.

  • Triboelectric Effect: Wool generates static electricity when it rubs against skin. This might influence nerve endings, possibly affecting pain signals.
  • Thermal Insulation: Wool provides warmth, potentially improving blood flow and reducing muscle tension.
  • Mechanical Stimulation: Gentle pressure from the wool fibers may also contribute to pain relief.

The modulation of these factors could explain the significant reduction in SSR latency observed in the study. Additionally, this could positively impact small sensory nerve fibers, further contributing to pain relief.

Pro Tip: Explore different wool types and weaves. The source material suggests that knitting wool, with its unique structure, might offer enhanced electrostatic and thermal properties.

The Future of Pain Relief: Where Are We Headed?

This research on wool and its impact on chronic pain opens the door to several intriguing possibilities. Here’s what we might see in the future:

  • Personalized Pain Management: Tailoring treatments based on an individual’s specific pain profile and autonomic nervous system response.
  • Complementary Therapies: Integrating wool-based products with existing treatments, creating a multi-faceted approach to pain relief.
  • Further Research: Larger-scale studies are needed, comparing wool-based interventions with other established therapies like TENS and exploring different wool types and designs.

The future of pain relief is not about a single cure but about finding solutions that work for each individual.
Learn about other innovative pain management techniques.

FAQ: Your Questions Answered

Q: How effective is wool for pain relief?

A: Initial research shows promising results, but more studies are needed to determine the extent of its effectiveness.

Q: Are there any side effects of using wool products for pain relief?

A: Wool is generally safe, but individuals with wool allergies should be cautious.

Q: Where can I find wool products designed for pain relief?

A: Wool wristbands, undergarments, and bedding are available, but research product-specific claims carefully.

Q: Can wool replace other pain treatments?

A: Wool may be a complementary therapy. However, it is not a substitute for medical advice or prescribed treatments.

Q: What does the future look like for wool-based pain relief?

A: Future research should focus on expanding the use of wool-based therapies.

The information in this article is for informational purposes only and not intended as medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional for any health concerns.

Ready to dive deeper? What are your thoughts on alternative pain relief methods? Share your experiences and questions in the comments below!

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Tech

Promising results seen in atypical trigeminal neuralgia with combined surgical approach

by Chief Editor
written by Chief Editor

The Future of Treating Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Comprehensive Look

Understanding Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia

Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia (ATN) presents as a persistent facial pain, often resisting conventional treatments. This condition can severely impact one’s quality of life, making innovative surgical interventions like microvascular decompression and nerve combing crucial for relief.

Recent Breakthroughs in Surgical Techniques

A recent study on microvascular decompression combined with trigeminal nerve combing highlights promising outcomes for ATN patients. With 75% of patients experiencing excellent results post-surgery, this dual approach marks a significant advancement in surgical methodology. By addressing both the vascular compression and central sensitization, this method offers a tailored solution to a complex problem.

Did you know? The nerve combing technique, by manipulating blood vessels and nerve tissue, has shown to incite a trigeminal neurovascular reflex, contributing to a significant modulation of pain responses. More research into this reflex could pave the way for less invasive treatments in the future.

Impact on Quality of Life

Improvement in pain management translates directly to enhanced life quality for ATN sufferers. With long-term solutions showing substantial efficacy, patients are reporting not only decreased pain but also improved functionality in their daily lives. This reflects a broader trend towards patient-centered care, where surgical outcomes are measured not just in clinical terms, but in life quality improvements.

Long-Term Outlook and Future Research

The study’s findings suggest exciting avenues for future research. Long-term analysis of these surgical outcomes is crucial, as it could inform adaptive surgical techniques. Furthermore, delving into individual differences in neurovascular reflex response may herald personalized treatment strategies.

Pro Tip: Researchers are encouraged to focus on biomarkers that could predict patient response to various treatments and continuously refine surgical techniques.

FAQ: Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia Treatment

What is microvascular decompression?

A surgical procedure aimed at relieving pressure on the trigeminal nerve, commonly caused by blood vessels, to alleviate pain in neuralgia patients.

How does nerve combing contribute to the treatment?

Nerve combing involves slight manipulation of the nerve and surrounding tissues to reduce pain signals, utilizing the body’s neurovascular reflexes to lower perceived pain.

What are the chances of experiencing pain-free results?

According to recent findings, approximately 75% of patients experienced excellent long-term pain relief post-surgery, though individual results can vary.

Staying Informed

Keep abreast of these developments by exploring related topics such as “the role of neurotransmitters in neuralgia” or “advanced pain management techniques.” Subscribing to medical journals and practitioner newsletters can provide ongoing insights into the evolving field of neurosurgery and pain management.

Engage with Us

If you have questions about trigeminal neuralgia or interest in novel treatment methods, contact us. Your insights and experiences can help broaden our understanding and discussion of this complex condition.

To continue exploring cutting-edge medical breakthroughs, explore more articles on our site or consider subscribing to our newsletter for regular updates.

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Health

Lower LDL cholesterol linked to reduced dementia risk

by Chief Editor
written by Chief Editor

The Intersection of Cholesterol Management and Dementia Prevention

Recent studies continue to reveal intriguing connections between cholesterol management and dementia prevention. Amid growing concerns about the increasing prevalence of dementia, understanding how low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels influence cognitive health is pivotal. The latest research, published in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, provides valuable insights into the potential for targeted lipid management as a preventive strategy.

The Impact of Lower LDL-C Levels on Dementia Risk

With mounting evidence, it’s becoming clearer that lower LDL-C levels—specifically below 70 mg/dL—may significantly reduce the risk of developing dementia. This association is compelling among both statin users and non-users, highlighting the broader applicability of these findings.

A recent study using data from large observational cohorts supports the notion that managed LDL-C levels can serve as a key preventive measure against all-cause dementia and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD).

What Does This Mean for Public Health?

The implications for public health strategy are significant. With dementia affecting millions globally, innovative approaches to prevention are crucial. The study’s findings suggest that lowering LDL-C could offer a dual benefit—reducing cardiovascular risks and potentially diminishing the incidence of dementia.

This aligns with earlier data from clinical trials, such as the FOURIER and ODYSSEY studies, which demonstrated that substantial LDL-C reductions do not increase cognitive decline risks. These insights could lead to revised medical guidelines prioritizing optimal cholesterol levels not just for heart health, but for cognitive longevity as well.

Real-World Applications and Case Studies

Consider Mary, a 65-year-old retiree who, upon experiencing elevated cholesterol levels, began taking statins. Over time, her LDL-C levels decreased to below 70 mg/dL. Statistically, she’s in a lower risk category for dementia, a reassurance that aligns with the latest research findings.

Real-world applications continue to emerge from countries like the Netherlands, where proactive health initiatives have integrated lipid management as part of broader dementia prevention efforts.

Future Trends in Cholesterol and Cognitive Health

The future may see a shift towards personalized medicine, where patients receive tailored cholesterol management plans that not only protect their heart health but also safeguard their cognitive function. This precision approach underscores the necessity of individualized patient assessments.

Further, advancements in wearable health technology could routinely monitor cholesterol levels and cognitive markers, providing real-time data to guide healthcare decisions.

Frequently Asked Questions

What makes LDL-C levels critical in dementia prevention?

Lower LDL-C has been linked to reduced risks of all-cause dementia and ADRD, offering a potential pathway to mitigate cognitive decline alongside other health strategies.

Are statins always beneficial for cognitive health?

While statins effectively reduce cholesterol levels, their benefits on cognitive health are more pronounced when LDL-C is managed below specific thresholds, such as 70 mg/dL.

Can lifestyle changes complement cholesterol management in dementia prevention?

Yes, combining cholesterol management with lifestyle interventions such as diet, exercise, and mental stimulation may enhance cognitive health outcomes.

Pro Tips for Managing Cholesterol

Did you know? Regular exercise and a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids can significantly lower LDL-C levels and contribute to overall cognitive health.

Explore More and Engage

Stay informed about the latest research and strategies in cholesterol management and dementia prevention by exploring similar articles on our website. Engage with our community by leaving your comments and subscribing to our newsletter for updates on this vital health topic.

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