Tanzania’s Traditional Medicine Crossroads: Balancing Culture, Risk, and Regulation
For decades, traditional medicine has been a cornerstone of healthcare for a significant portion of the Tanzanian population. Rooted in cultural beliefs and often driven by affordability and accessibility, its use remains widespread. However, a growing number of reported complications and even fatalities are raising critical questions about safety, regulation, and the future of this deeply ingrained practice.
The Enduring Appeal of Traditional Healing
An estimated 60 to 80 percent of Tanzanians rely on traditional medicine as their primary form of healthcare, particularly in areas with limited access to modern medical facilities. This reliance was notably amplified during the Covid-19 pandemic, as many turned to local remedies. The appeal extends beyond necessity; many believe traditional medicine complements conventional healthcare, offering a holistic approach to wellbeing.
Stories like that of Hamduni Hassan, a businessman in Dar es Salaam, illustrate this appeal. After years of unsuccessful conventional treatment for haemorrhoids, he found relief through traditional medicine, spending a relatively little amount on a three-week course of treatment. Similarly, Joseph Kilemela, a resident of Mbagala, credits traditional remedies with his recovery from a blood vessel injury.
The Shadow Side: Risks and Fatalities
Despite the positive experiences, a darker side exists. Reports of adverse effects and tragic outcomes are increasingly common. Fatuma Ally, a resident of Chamazi, experienced severe dental complications after using traditional medicine, ultimately requiring the removal of all her teeth. Irene Kelvin’s years-long attempt to conceive using traditional remedies led to the discovery of toxin buildup in her body, delaying proper treatment.
The situation is even more dire in some cases. Mohamed Issa Mohamed shared the heartbreaking story of his father’s death from kidney failure, linked to the long-term use of traditional medicine alongside other treatments. National audit findings corroborate these personal accounts, revealing at least 16 deaths between 2020 and September 2024 attributed to dangerous traditional practices, including rituals involving human body parts. Seven additional deaths in 2023 were directly linked to unregulated traditional medicines.
Challenges for Modern Medicine
Clinicians are increasingly encountering patients suffering complications from traditional remedies. Dr. Agnes Kweka at Temeke Regional Referral Hospital notes that patients often arrive with symptoms of contamination or incorrect dosage, unable to provide details about the substances they consumed. Poor storage practices, such as using dirty or non-airtight containers, exacerbate these risks. Dr. Emmanuel Magesa at Bugando Medical Centre highlights the issue of delayed hospital visits, often leading to more complex treatment scenarios.
A recurring problem is the lack of proper diagnosis before treatment. Patients often receive remedies based solely on their described symptoms, without any testing or record-keeping.
The Government’s Response and Ongoing Research
The Ministry of Health acknowledges concerns but states there is currently no definitive scientific evidence directly linking complications to traditional medicine. Acting Assistant Director Dr. Winifrida Kidima emphasizes the demand for further research to establish clear scientific connections. The Ministry has implemented a monitoring system for adverse effects in 14 regional referral hospitals offering traditional treatment under trained practitioners, applying the same standards as modern medicines.
Researchers at the Institute of Traditional Medicine at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (Muhas) suggest that the mixed experiences stem from the difference between scientifically processed medicines and those that are not. Dr. Benson Mugaka explains that a product can be safe if prepared under regulated conditions, but even beneficial plants can become dangerous if processed improperly. He stresses the importance of safety trials, contamination checks, and assessments of impact on vital organs.
Future Trends and Potential Solutions
Strengthening Regulation and Quality Control
A key trend will be increased pressure for stricter regulation of traditional medicine practices. This includes standardized testing of ingredients, licensing of practitioners, and enforcement of quality control measures. The current monitoring system in regional referral hospitals is a step in the right direction, but broader implementation and increased resources are needed.
Integrating Traditional Medicine into the Healthcare System
Rather than outright prohibition, a more pragmatic approach involves integrating safe and effective traditional remedies into the formal healthcare system. This requires rigorous scientific validation of traditional practices and collaboration between traditional healers and modern medical professionals.
Public Awareness and Education
Raising public awareness about the potential risks and benefits of traditional medicine is crucial. Educational campaigns can empower individuals to make informed decisions about their healthcare, encouraging them to seek professional medical advice before resorting to traditional remedies, especially for serious conditions.
Leveraging Technology for Traceability and Safety
Technology can play a role in improving the safety and traceability of traditional medicines. Blockchain technology, for example, could be used to track the origin and processing of ingredients, ensuring authenticity and quality. Mobile apps could provide information about safe practices and potential risks.
FAQ
Q: Is traditional medicine safe?
A: It depends. Some traditional remedies can be effective and safe when prepared and administered correctly. However, many pose significant risks due to contamination, incorrect dosage, or lack of scientific validation.
Q: What is the government doing to regulate traditional medicine?
A: The Ministry of Health is monitoring adverse effects in regional referral hospitals and encourages research to establish scientific links between traditional medicine and health outcomes.
Q: Should I stop using traditional medicine altogether?
A: It’s best to consult with a qualified healthcare professional before using any traditional remedy, especially if you have an existing medical condition or are taking other medications.
Did you know? The National Audit Office of Tanzania reported 16 deaths linked to dangerous traditional practices between 2020 and September 2024.
Pro Tip: Always disclose your use of traditional medicine to your doctor to ensure safe and effective healthcare.
What are your experiences with traditional medicine? Share your thoughts in the comments below and explore our other articles on healthcare in Tanzania.
