The Persistent Gap: Why Legal Rights Aren’t Enough for Women’s Economic Equality
A recent World Bank report paints a stark picture: despite progress in enacting laws promoting women’s economic rights, a “shockingly large” gap remains between legislation and its practical enforcement. This isn’t simply a legal issue. it’s a fundamental barrier to global economic growth and stability.
The Disconnect Between Law and Reality
The report, based on data from 190 economies as of October 1, 2025, reveals a significant disparity. While the average score for legal rights stands at 67 out of 100, enforcement scores plummet to 53 and the adequacy of supporting systems scores even lower at 47. Less than 5% of women globally live in economies offering near-full legal equality, and no economy has achieved complete parity.
This disconnect means that even where laws exist to protect women’s economic opportunities, systemic issues often prevent them from being fully realized. Restrictions on the types of work women can perform or the businesses they can establish continue to persist, even in countries with modernized legal frameworks.
Regional Hotspots and Areas of Deficiency
Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa face the most significant challenges. These regions, which stand to benefit greatly from increased female workforce participation, as well exhibit the largest legal and enforcement barriers. The report highlights that even as more young women enter the labor market in these areas, they continue to encounter substantial obstacles.
Specifically, the report identifies childcare and safety as the most deficient areas globally. Without affordable, accessible childcare, women are often forced to choose between work and family. Similarly, concerns about safety can limit women’s mobility and access to economic opportunities.
Positive Momentum: Recent Reforms
Despite the challenges, the report isn’t entirely pessimistic. Between October 2023 and October 2025, 68 economies enacted 113 legal reforms aimed at expanding women’s economic opportunities. Egypt, Madagascar, Somalia, Oman, Jordan, and Kyrgyzstan were among the countries leading these advancements.
These reforms demonstrate a growing global recognition of the importance of gender equality. However, the report emphasizes that legal changes are only the first step. Sustained investment in enforcement mechanisms and supportive institutions is crucial to translate these laws into tangible benefits for women.
The Economic Imperative of Gender Equality
The World Bank Group (WBG) actively works to accelerate gender equality, recognizing that it’s not just a matter of social justice but also a key driver of economic growth. Removing gender barriers unlocks economic productivity, reduces poverty, and enhances overall well-being. The WBG supports innovation, financing, and collective action to address gender-based violence, elevate human capital, and expand economic opportunities for women.
Closing gender gaps can drive major economic and health gains globally, as highlighted by the W20 Communiqué, which urges action on financial inclusion, care systems, STEM access, and climate justice.
Looking Ahead: Future Trends and Challenges
Several trends will likely shape the future of gender equality in the coming years. Increased focus on mandatory due diligence to complete modern slavery, stronger controls, and survivor-centered approaches will be critical. Addressing the climate crisis with a gender lens – recognizing the disproportionate impact of climate change on women – will be essential.
The rise of remote work and the gig economy could present both opportunities and challenges. While remote work can offer greater flexibility for women, it also risks exacerbating existing inequalities if not managed carefully. Ensuring equal access to digital technologies and skills training will be vital.
FAQ
Q: What does the World Bank report measure?
A: The report measures women’s economic opportunities across ten categories: safety, mobility, work, pay, marriage, parenthood, childcare, entrepreneurship, assets, and pensions.
Q: How many experts contributed to the report?
A: The findings were compiled from input provided by more than 2,600 legal experts, academics, civil society representatives, and public officials.
Q: Is progress being made in women’s economic equality?
A: Yes, 68 economies enacted 113 legal reforms between October 2023 and October 2025, demonstrating positive momentum.
Explore further: Learn more about the World Bank’s work on gender equality.
What are your thoughts on the challenges and opportunities facing women’s economic empowerment? Share your insights in the comments below!
