Decades of armed conflict in the Philippines have resulted in significant loss of life and displacement, according to a recent discussion paper by the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS). The report, published January 7, 2026, calls for a more coordinated and incentive-driven approach to peacebuilding within the country.
The Human Cost of Conflict
Researchers Adoracion M. Navarro and Janina Sofia H. Jacinto detailed the extensive impact of ongoing conflicts. Approximately 40,000 deaths have occurred in clashes between the Communist Party of the Philippines-New People’s Army (CPP-NPA) and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). An estimated 150,000 fatalities have been recorded in central and western Mindanao, and roughly 3.2 million people were displaced between 2008 and 2022.
Aligning Incentives for Lasting Peace
The PIDS paper emphasizes that successful peacebuilding isn’t simply about signing agreements. It’s about avoiding future human and social costs. Researchers found that aligning economic, political, and security incentives, coupled with credible and long-lasting state commitments, is crucial for achieving lasting peace. “Steadfast peacebuilding pays off economically,” the report states.
Recommendations for Improvement
To strengthen peacebuilding efforts, PIDS recommends interventions designed around “incentive compatibility,” where cooperation is more beneficial than continued conflict for all involved. The report also suggests closely aligning security measures with socioeconomic programs. Further recommendations include digitalizing monitoring and evaluation systems for programs like the Enhanced Comprehensive Local Integration Program (ECLIP) and barangay-level development projects.
PIDS also proposed a special audit by the Commission on Audit (COA) for peacebuilding and reintegration programs – including ECLIP, PAyapa at MAsaganang PamayaNAn (PAMANA), and the Barangay Development Program (BDP) – to address efficiency gaps. Reconciliation ceremonies, particularly those highlighting the roles of women, and the involvement of neutral facilitators like civil society organizations, faith groups, and academics, were also recommended.
Lessons from Thailand
Addressing ongoing negotiations with the CPP-NPA-National Democratic Front (NDF), the report suggests the Philippines could draw lessons from Thailand’s experience in ending its own communist insurgency. Thailand’s approach involved military containment, amnesty, and political and socioeconomic inclusion. The PIDS paper suggests a similar strategy could inform remaining peacebuilding work in the Philippines.
Ultimately, the report stresses the importance of addressing the root causes of conflict, particularly in rural and indigenous communities, through local engagement, dialogue, and inclusive political participation.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the main argument of the PIDS paper?
The main argument is that peacebuilding in the Philippines requires more than just signing agreements; it demands coordinated, sustained efforts with aligned economic, political, and security incentives, and credible state commitments.
What specific conflicts are addressed in the report?
The report addresses decades-long conflicts including clashes between the Communist Party of the Philippines-New People’s Army (CPP-NPA) and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), and conflicts in central and western Mindanao.
What role does the Commission on Audit (COA) play in the PIDS recommendations?
PIDS suggests a special audit by the Commission on Audit (COA) for peacebuilding and reintegration programs to address efficiency gaps across initiatives such as ECLIP, PAMANA, and BDP.
How can a focus on incentives and long-term commitment contribute to a more peaceful future for communities affected by conflict?
