A new propulsion system developed by MIT researchers allows small satellites to use a single fuel source for both chemical and electrical thrusters. By utilizing a non-toxic propellant known as ASCENT, this dual-mode technology aims to reduce the weight and complexity of cubesats, potentially enabling them to perform complex orbital maneuvers previously reserved for larger spacecraft, according to an MIT study published in the Journal of Propulsion and Power.
How does dual-mode propulsion work in space?
Current small satellites often struggle with space constraints, forcing engineers to choose between chemical thrusters—which provide high thrust for rapid movement—and electrical thrusters, which offer high efficiency for long-term travel. A study led by former MIT postdoctoral student Amelia Bruno suggests that using a single propellant, Advanced Spacecraft Energetic Non-Toxic (ASCENT) fuel, can power both systems.
Engineers tested this by magnetically suspending an electrospray thruster model within a vacuum chamber to simulate a zero-gravity environment. The team, directed by Paulo Lozano of MIT’s space propulsion laboratory, found that the thrusters functioned effectively with ASCENT. This consolidation eliminates the need for separate fuel tanks, freeing up valuable internal volume for scientific instruments or observation hardware.
ASCENT was formerly known as AF-M315E. It was developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory as a safer, “greener” alternative to traditional hydrazine, which is highly toxic and requires specialized handling protocols.
Why is this technology critical for NASA’s deep space missions?
NASA is currently preparing to test this dual-mode capability through its Green Propulsion Dual Mode cubesat mission. According to agency officials, the mission serves as a critical demonstration for future deep-space exploration, including potential human-crewed missions to Mars. By proving that a small, efficient platform can handle complex, multi-stage maneuvers, NASA aims to expand the reach of budget-friendly cubesat technology.
The transition from toxic hydrazine to ASCENT represents a broader industry shift. While hydrazine remains the standard for high-efficiency maneuvers, its hazardous nature increases launch costs and ground-handling risks. The 2019-2020 Green Propellant Infusion Mission successfully demonstrated that ASCENT could perform in space, providing the flight-heritage data necessary to move forward with this dual-mode application.
Can dual-mode thrusters improve Earth observation?
Beyond deep-space exploration, this propulsion system offers immediate benefits for satellites monitoring Earth. Paulo Lozano notes that if a constellation of small satellites needs to pivot quickly to observe a fast-moving weather event, they require the agility that only dual-mode systems can provide. Previously, a satellite might have to choose between reaching a location quickly or conserving fuel for long-term station-keeping.
This flexibility allows mission operators to adjust their strategy in real-time. According to the MIT research team, operators can now choose to maneuver a satellite rapidly to capture a specific event or slowly to maintain a precise orbit, depending on the mission’s current scientific requirements.
Follow the progress of the upcoming NASA Green Propulsion Dual Mode cubesat launch, as it will provide the first real-world performance data for this dual-mode fuel configuration in low Earth orbit.
Frequently Asked Questions
- What is ASCENT fuel?
ASCENT (Advanced Spacecraft Energetic Non-Toxic Propellant) is a low-toxicity, high-performance rocket fuel developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory to replace hazardous hydrazine. - Why do satellites need two types of thrusters?
Chemical thrusters provide the high thrust needed for major orbital changes, while electrical thrusters provide high fuel efficiency for long-term station-keeping. - When will this technology be tested in space?
NASA plans to test the Green Propulsion Dual Mode cubesat in low Earth orbit no earlier than November, according to agency reports.
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