Tanzania’s Push to Repatriate Burundian Refugees Sparks International Concern
A growing crisis is unfolding as Tanzania aggressively pushes Burundian refugees back across the border, raising serious questions about forced repatriation and the safety of those returning. Although agreements exist for voluntary returns, reports indicate a coercive environment, with homes demolished and basic services disrupted, leaving thousands vulnerable.
A History of Displacement and Instability
The current situation is rooted in decades of political unrest in Burundi. Many refugees have already experienced cycles of displacement, fleeing civil war in the 1990s and early 2000s, returning and then being forced to flee again in 2015 following a period of political turmoil. Over 140,000 Burundian refugees were in Tanzania as of late 2025, primarily housed in the Nduta and Nyarugusu camps in the Kigoma region.
Coercive Measures and Concerns of Refoulement
The UNHCR has expressed “serious concern” over actions taken by Tanzanian authorities, which are putting significant pressure on refugees to return. Reports detail the demolition of refugee shelters and instances of mistreatment. This raises the specter of refoulement – the return of refugees to a country where their lives or freedoms could be at risk – a violation of international refugee law. Up to 17,000 refugees have stated they are unable to return due to fears for their safety or potential political persecution, including members of the political opposition and former military personnel.
The Repatriation Deal and Rising Numbers
Burundi and Tanzania signed an agreement in December to facilitate the return of up to 3,000 people per week. As of February 2026, over 28,000 Burundian refugees had already returned from Tanzania this year. A recent US$82 million deal between Burundi and the UN aims to repatriate approximately 104,600 refugees by June 30, 2026, largely from Tanzania. The urgency is driven by the planned closure of the Nduta and Nyarugusu camps by March 31 and June 30, respectively.
A Lack of Safety and Support in Burundi
Despite assurances from Burundian officials that the country is now “a beacon of peace,” concerns remain about the political climate. Amnesty International reports ongoing issues with arbitrary arrests, extrajudicial executions, and a lack of freedom of expression. The 2022 elections were criticized for excluding opposition parties, with the ruling party claiming an overwhelming 96% of the vote. Returning refugees often lack housing, employment opportunities, and access to education for their children. Many are viewed with suspicion by the authorities.
Burundi’s Capacity to Handle Returnees and a New Crisis
Burundi is also struggling to cope with a new influx of refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo, fleeing renewed conflict. Nearly a quarter of a million Congolese refugees are now in Burundi, facing dire conditions in overcrowded camps with limited access to healthcare and food. The country has requested $85 million in international aid, but has only received about a third of that amount.
Future Trends and Potential Outcomes
The situation highlights a growing trend of host countries seeking to reduce their refugee populations, often through agreements that prioritize repatriation. Though, the lack of genuine voluntary returns and the potential for human rights violations raise serious concerns. Several factors could shape the future:
- Increased Pressure on Neighboring Countries: As conflicts continue in the Great Lakes region of Africa, neighboring countries like Tanzania, Uganda, and Rwanda will likely face increasing pressure to host refugees, potentially leading to similar repatriation efforts.
- The Role of International Aid: The availability of international funding will be crucial in supporting both the repatriation process and the reintegration of refugees in Burundi. Insufficient funding could exacerbate the humanitarian crisis.
- Political Developments in Burundi: Improvements in Burundi’s political climate and respect for human rights are essential for ensuring the safe and dignified return of refugees. Without these changes, the risk of persecution and further displacement remains high.
- Strengthened Monitoring and Advocacy: Increased monitoring by international organizations like the UNHCR and advocacy by human rights groups will be vital in holding host countries accountable and protecting the rights of refugees.
Did you know?
Almost 97% of Burundian refugees interviewed by the UNHCR, the Burundian consulate, and Tanzanian authorities were deemed to no longer need international protection.
FAQ
Q: What is refoulement?
A: Refoulement is the forcible return of a refugee or asylum seeker to a country where they would face persecution or a threat to their life or freedom. It is prohibited under international law.
Q: How many Burundian refugees are currently in Tanzania?
A: Approximately 93,000 Burundian refugees are currently in Tanzania, with the majority residing in the Nduta and Nyarugusu camps.
Q: What is the UNHCR’s position on the repatriation of Burundian refugees?
A: The UNHCR supports voluntary repatriation but is concerned about reports of coercive measures and the potential for refoulement.
Q: What challenges do returning refugees face in Burundi?
A: Returning refugees often lack housing, employment, and access to essential services. They may also face political persecution and discrimination.
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