Infectious disease experts warn that common, everyday habits—such as improper hand hygiene, incorrect sneezing techniques, and the misuse of sanitizers—significantly increase the transmission of pathogens. According to Dr. Bruce Hirsch, an attending physician at Northwell Health, these behaviors pose particular risks to individuals with compromised immune systems and delicate gastrointestinal health, necessitating a shift toward evidence-based infection control.
Why proper handwashing remains the gold standard
Handwashing is not merely about removing visible dirt; it is a critical measure to prevent the spread of bacteria that may colonize a healthy person but cause illness in others. Dr. Hirsch emphasizes that effective hand hygiene requires at least 10 seconds of friction using soap and running water. Simply rinsing is insufficient. Furthermore, he advises that hands should be dried thoroughly with a towel or mechanical dryer, as residual moisture can facilitate the transfer of bacteria.
How to sneeze without spreading germs
Sneezing into one’s hands is a primary vector for environmental contamination. Dr. Hirsch recommends that individuals sneeze directly into the crook of the elbow, turning away from nearby people. This technique ensures that respiratory droplets are contained within a surface that is unlikely to touch other people or shared objects, effectively breaking the chain of transmission that occurs when hands are used as a shield.
Is there such a thing as over-sanitizing?
While hand sanitizer is a tool for infection control, Dr. Hirsch warns against excessive use, citing the “hygiene hypothesis.” This concept suggests that an overly sterile environment may prevent the immune system from developing necessary defenses, potentially increasing the frequency of allergic conditions. He notes that humans evolved in environments containing natural bacteria and that constant reliance on alcohol-based gels may disrupt the gut microbiome and immune development.
Why hospital etiquette is shifting
The standard social handshake is increasingly viewed as a liability in healthcare settings. Because hospitals house patients with varied illnesses and antibiotic resistance—such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)—casual physical contact can facilitate the spread of dangerous bugs. Dr. Hirsch advocates for non-contact greetings, such as elbow taps, to minimize the risk of transferring pathogens between staff, patients, and visitors.
The mask-wearing performance gap
Masks only function as effective barriers against respiratory illnesses like COVID-19 and the flu when worn to cover both the nose and mouth. Dr. Hirsch characterizes wearing a mask on the chin or below the nose as a “performative gesture” that offers no clinical protection. If a mask is worn, it must be positioned correctly to filter the air effectively.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Is it better to use a hand dryer or a paper towel? Both are effective for drying, but the key is ensuring hands are completely dry to prevent bacterial transfer.
- Why is the elbow better than the hand for sneezing? The elbow does not come into contact with door handles, food, or other people, unlike the palms and fingers.
- Should I stop shaking hands entirely? In medical settings, experts recommend avoiding handshakes to prevent the spread of MRSA and other hospital-acquired infections.
- Can being too clean cause allergies? Yes, according to the hygiene hypothesis, over-sanitizing the environment may be linked to higher rates of allergies in children.
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